On the Gold Coast, concrete kerbing is perfect for mower strips, and driveway, footpath and fence borders. It doesn't matter whether you need garden design, ...Tuscan Path 6m x 12cm Earth Eco-Edging Rubber Thinline. (16) $59 .98. Compare. Rola Pak 150mm x 2.8m (approx) Treated Pine Ezy Edge Garden Edging. (29) $29 .10. Compare. Tuscan Path 75 x 3mm x 20m Black Thinline Eco-Edging.Sep 18, 2023 - The driveway is often thought of as simply a connection between the street or alleyway and a house, a feature incapable of supporting the overall look of a house. But in reality, a driveway can significantly improve the look of your property. Most driveways are made of concrete, but some homeowners opt for gravel for […23 June 2023 ... 23 Cheap & Amazing Garden Edging Ideas You Can Try | garden ideas inexpensive garden edging ideas, garden edging blocks, b&q garden edging, ...10. Mix and match different types of edging, such as rocks, wood, and pavers, to create a stunning garden design with unique edging that pops. Tips for Easy Flower Bed Edging Ideas. Consider the style: Before choosing your edging, be sure to consider the overall style of your garden. Decide whether you want a formal, modern, or rustic look ...Stacking fieldstone into a garden border. This is another great idea if you have materials kicking around—perhaps an old garden path or patio area that you want to dig up. Simply stack your stone to create the boundary. Stacked fieldstone is more pastoral-looking, but one of the easier garden border ideas to tackle.Place a bed of gravel or crushed stone approximately 2 to 3 inches deep in the trench and tamp it down. Pour the concrete mix into a wheelbarrow and add water a little at a time. Combine the mix with the shovel, adding water until it reaches an oatmeal-like consistency. Lay a bed of concrete in the bottom of the trench about 2 or 3 inches deep.Here are a few budget-friendly ideas: Power wash your driveway. If you have a power washer, often also called a pressure washer, it could be the most efficient way to get rid of dirt, grime and whatever else is caked on your driveway. Expect to spend between $100 and $500 to pressure wash a driveway, according to Angi.9. Flagstone Edging. If you have a tarmac driveway, flagstones are one of the best driveway edging ideas. You can also mix it with pebbles and it creates a defining gradient for your driveway. However, if you have a long driveway, you’d do well to avoid this style as it can be pretty expensive.KFiles Design / Photo by Amanda Anderson. Files used lavender in this compact front yard full of hardscape to create a rich, natural focal point. The flowers …Are you looking for some cheap driveway edging ideas? If yes, look no more and go with brick edging! Red bricks look extremely beautiful with any type of …1. Use simple concrete edging alongside a gravel path. (Image credit: Jeremy Phillips) Match a pale gravel pathway with an almost invisible concrete edge to reduce the chances of grass and weeds infiltrating the stones. This option is cost-effective (the Marshalls Round Smooth Edging Stone from Wickes costs just £5, for instance) if budget it ...In general, there are two types of driveway edging: Raised Edging an d Flat Edging. Raised edging is always higher and extends beyond the height of your driveway. This type of border is perfect for adding an aesthetic factor to your driveway and lawn. It works perfectly with gravel driveway ideas. On the other hand, a flat edging is always ...Suncast Natural Rock Stone Edging (12-in. long x 5.75-in. high, 10 pieces) If you want the look of stone without the added cost and labor, consider this low-cost substitute. This plastic stone ...Top 80 Cheap DIY Edging Ideas - Garden Ideas#cheap #edging #ideas #gardenMUSIC:Joy To The World by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributi...Suncast Natural Rock Stone Edging (12-in. long x 5.75-in. high, 10 pieces) If you want the look of stone without the added cost and labor, consider this low-cost substitute. This plastic stone ...20 Apr 2022 ... In this video i will show you how I use my tractor's rear blade to carve out a footing for a stone border. I will share a few tips I have ...Stone garden edging can surround flowerbeds, paved areas, or act as lawn edging stones to clearly define a straight edge to your grass, making it easier to mow and maintain a tidy lawn in the future. Curved edging stones allow for more complex shapes and can act as path edging stones when turning corners. Our driveway edging can be combined ...Two-Tone. Home Consultant. The driveway leading to this Southern California garage-turned-guest house from Home Consultant is paved with smooth cement that is contrasted with square terracotta colored tiles. Extending the tiles to the back patio adds warmth to the now car-free dining space. Continue to 15 of 21 below.Concrete driveways are a popular choice for many homeowners due to their durability and low maintenance. However, one common issue that homeowners face is the unsightly oil spots t...Budget. A new driveway can add between 5-10% to your property’s value, but it’s important to set a realistic budget for your new driveway, including labour costs. Different materials and designs will carry differing costs. Tarmac and gravel tend to be the more affordable options, with resin and concrete being dearer. Transform your driveway without breaking the bank with these affordable ideas. Discover creative and cost-effective ways to enhance the curb appeal of your home. It's a perfect pick if you're after more contemporary garden edging ideas for your plot. 17. Use clipped hedges to define flower beds. Go for a timeless look and use neatly clipped hedges for your garden borders. (Image credit: Polly Eltes/Future) Landscaping with evergreens offers a timeless look.This is the cheapest way to pave a driveway. We used recycled materials to cut the cost of paving a long driveway. Let me give you a few ideas for using ...Some of the most affordable and aesthetically appealing gravel driveway ideas include the crushed gravel driveway, pea gravel driveway, recycled asphalt gravel …Jul 30, 2019 - Discover the best driveway edging ideas to elevate your home's curb appeal and create a stunning entrance. Enhance your outdoor space today! Jul 30, 2019 - Discover the best driveway edging ideas to elevate your home's curb appeal and create a stunning entrance. ... Driveway Ideas Cheap. Driveway Ideas – Different paving ...Cheap Driveway Edging Ideas. October 22, 2023 . Introduction. When it comes to improving the overall look of your driveway, adding edging can make a significant difference. Not only does it enhance the aesthetics, but it also helps to define the space and prevent the gravel or asphalt from spreading. However, finding affordable driveway …3. Tar-and-chip. The more common name for this driveway design liquid asphalt and stone or the seal chip design. It looks a lot like asphalt, but it is finer, more compressed, and has more layers of …Some of the most affordable and aesthetically appealing gravel driveway ideas include the crushed gravel driveway, pea gravel driveway, recycled asphalt gravel …Wood log garden edging is one of the best ideas to emulate in your garden designs. It is about getting many pieces of logs, arranging them in a manner that best suits you, and making a cute garden in a space left in the middle. 30. China plate dish Garden edging. Your old plates can still do something for you.Rock, but no Roll. Another way to keep cars from rolling into your gardens is to use rocks in your driveway landscape. Rocks can be practical and ornamental at the same time, especially when paired with attractive plants such as these evergreens. Using a mulch of the same material unifies the look of the bed. 11 / 13.Dig a 4-in. deep trench about an inch wider than the brick pattern, using a square spade. Cut the edge along the grass smooth and square. Cut landscape fabric to fit the bottom and sides of the trench and dump in about 2 in. of sand. Smooth and flatten the sand with a block of wood.Advertisement. Building a DIY driveway can be a rewarding project that not only enhances the curb appeal of your home but also provides practical benefits. Discover affordable …Make sure to insert the galvanized twisted nails in the edge while the concrete is still soft. Inserting the nails at an angle ensures a firmer hold. The edge is designed to hold gravel in and withstand occasional traffic driving straight over it if the top finishes flush with the surrounds. Should you have a curved driveway edge that will not ...Oct 6, 2023 · The cost of shells ranges from $0.50 to $5 per square foot. Installing shells and granite should prove straightforward even for first-timers. 8. Gravel and Grass Driveway. The grass and gravel design is among the timeless yet cheap gravel driveway ideas to try out. Heavy Duty Edging for Gravel Driveways. Building a gravel driveway can be an affordable and great-looking way to create a place for parking vehicles. To install, it will require special maintenance, like stabilizing the gravel, and a heavy-duty edging to keep the gravel in place. With several types of edging that work well with gravel driveways ...These aesthetic driveway edging designs will prevent lawn washout while keeping costs low. Don’t settle for ragged driveway edges. Check out these 5 budget driveway border ideas that will prevent lawn washout and …22 Best Driveway Edging Ideas On A Budget Explore these driveway edging ideas and choose the one you like before purchasing any materials as these budget-friendly designs will make your driveway one of a kind.Apr 3, 2018 · Whether you prefer a traditional or modern aesthetic, clay pavers are the perfect choice to infuse your driveway with a touch of masculine style. It’s time to embrace the enduring beauty of clay pavers and create a driveway that exudes both strength and sophistication. 3. Elegance in White Stone Bricks. 5. Timeless Cobblestone Appeal. In the realm of driveway designs, there’s something timelessly captivating about the marriage of gravel and cobblestone brick edging.. As you drive along this path, every crunch of gravel under the tires echoes with tales of old-world charm, while the cobblestone edges whisper of ancient streets and …1. Gravel and slate driveway. Create a welcoming driveway with a slate porch surround, topiary foliage and a smooth gravel driveway. Perfect for country style homes, this house with its surround porch area can be used to store chopped wood, your favourite wellies and a place to rest your legs after a ramble. 2.Apr 18, 2024 · Here are a few budget-friendly ideas: Power wash your driveway. If you have a power washer, often also called a pressure washer, it could be the most efficient way to get rid of dirt, grime and whatever else is caked on your driveway. Expect to spend between $100 and $500 to pressure wash a driveway, according to Angi. 22 Best Driveway Edging Ideas On A Budget Explore these driveway edging ideas and choose the one you like before purchasing any materials as these budget-friendly designs will make your driveway one of a kind.So you can redesign your garden, and give your garden the change look. #2. Plastic and Metal Edging. Metal borders are strong and elegant making them a practical and clean-cut option to keep your plants and other lawn materials in place. Create borders with metals in straight lines.2. Stone Borders. A natural-looking stone border makes your landscape look clean but not too flashy. RumbleStone by Pavestone allows you to create stunning, gap-free curves for various outdoor ...2. Rubber Edging. Rubber edging is one of the best lawn edging ideas for those requiring a precise edge in smaller gardens. Although more affordable options are available, rubber’s efficiency makes it a top choice when looking for edging for flower beds.Bamboo: Bamboo makes a unique, natural lawn edging that is both affordable and easy to install. To save money, you can even make your own from bamboo lengths and garden wire. By creating your own, you can also tailor the height so it best suits your garden. This bamboo garden edging is 15cm tall and each roll is 2 metres long.So you can redesign your garden, and give your garden the change look. #2. Plastic and Metal Edging. Metal borders are strong and elegant making them a practical and clean-cut option to keep your plants and other lawn materials in place. Create borders with metals in straight lines.KFiles Design / Photo by Amanda Anderson. Files used lavender in this compact front yard full of hardscape to create a rich, natural focal point. The flowers have the added bonus of being water tolerant. “Any plants along the driveway edge should be durable and more drought tolerant,” Files says. Continue to 16 of 24 below.Who would have thought that a gravel driveway comes with maintenance? Here are some of the best driveway edging ideas and tips to will help keep your gravel ...Regulations governing how close to a driveway vehicles may be parked vary by region. Cities that regulate parking near a driveway often set the minimum distance at 5 feet.2. Rubber Edging. Rubber edging is one of the best lawn edging ideas for those requiring a precise edge in smaller gardens. Although more affordable options are available, rubber’s efficiency makes it a top choice when looking for edging for flower beds.“Outline your driveway with either a string line or paint beforehand so you can stay within the desired dimensions,” Hayworth recommends. Get started with: Brown pea gravel, about $30 per 10 cubic feet at Lowe’s; Greenes brown wood landscape edging, about $6 per 1.25 feet at Lowe’s; Source: (Sergey Lapunin / Unsplash) Paving stone …Here are the seven edging ideas; 1. Wood. Without a doubt, wood is the most cost-effective edger for separating grass from gravel. Wood is easily customizable, and you can get as creative with it as you want. For instance, you may decide to set them as a picket fence, mini fence, or wood-edged raised beds.If you are in need of a driveway culvert, you may be wondering where to find one for sale near you. A driveway culvert is an essential component of many residential and commercial ...This is the cheapest way to pave a driveway. We used recycled materials to cut the cost of paving a long driveway. Let me give you a few ideas for using ...It should also be noted that, due to the nature of cedar lumber, this is a great option for any straight runs of edging. “Cedar is a popular choice due to its resistance to decay and insects, ensuring a long-lasting and low-maintenance garden solution,” Duford says. Continue to 10 of 24 below. 10 of 24.30. 11K views 1 year ago #gardendiy #homedecor #diy. Driveway edging is important for controlling water, garden spillover, or for containing aggregate. Not to …Driveway Edging Ideas.Driveway edgings can be either flat or raised, although those that are higher than the driveway stand out more. There are many different types of driveway edging, including raised or flat edging, edging Many different options are available for driveway edging, including granite blocks, bricks, pre-cast concrete.MEDFORD, Ore., March 16, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Lithia & Driveway (NYSE: LAD) announced today the company's expansion into United Kingdom with Jardi... MEDFORD, Ore., March 16, 2023 ...DIY Brick edging. Gabion wall you can make yourself. Car tyres for mulch edging. Stones for mulch edging. Concrete edging. DIY wooden panels. Wooden pillars. BONUS: White edging with dark mulch. How to choose what edging you should use for your mulch.MyJobQuote estimate that for a driveway measuring 2.5m x 2.5m, you can expect to pay between £530 to £730, although they say that the average cost of a concrete driveway is £3,500. Imprinted concrete looks better and can mimic paving and block paving, but is more costly. 4. Choose concrete block paving over clay.May 14, 2023 · When it comes to the installation process, metal edging is fast, easy to install and maintain. 5. Belgian Block Edging. Belgian blocks are one of the inexpensive driveway edging landscape ideas that you can use for your driveway. As compared to other stones, Belgian blocks are large in size. Add a touch of elegance to your driveway with creative edging ideas. Discover how to enhance your curb appeal and make a lasting impression with driveway edging.Are you looking for some cheap driveway edging ideas? If yes, look no more and go with brick edging! Red bricks look extremely beautiful with any type of …Brookline Brownstone. a Blade of Grass. The formal rectangular lawn anchors the viewing garden, with colorful planting accents and the pergola as a focal point and sitting area. This is an example of a mid-sized traditional full sun side yard stone landscaping in Boston. Browse By Color.Porch gardens are unique, and this garden edging idea helps those porch gardens stand out. Using wood, frame off the garden, filling it with low-water plants and smooth stones to give the garden a simple aesthetic that is perfect for small backyard porches. 8. Creative Upside-down Colorful Wine Bottle Edge.These aesthetic driveway edging designs will prevent lawn washout while keeping costs low. Don’t settle for ragged driveway edges. Check out these 5 budget driveway border ideas that will prevent lawn washout and boost curb appeal.Two-Tone. Home Consultant. The driveway leading to this Southern California garage-turned-guest house from Home Consultant is paved with smooth cement that is contrasted with square terracotta colored tiles. Extending the tiles to the back patio adds warmth to the now car-free dining space. Continue to 15 of 21 below.The best lawn edging can transform your yard. You can use it to create defined areas for mulch, flower beds, plants and shrubs. Lawn edging can: Neatly accent, separate and define your lawn and garden landscaping. Help prevent the unwanted spread of grass. Easily create a raised layer of mulch, rocks or soil.Creating a clean line to define the lawn from the foliage, a paved, gray edge helps to accentuate the tones of green. And, if you go for flat styles rather than raised, it can also act as a mowing ...Jun 14, 2023 · Pick out an inexpensive material and then create another row with the same material. Pavers are a great pick but almost anything would work. Stagger the pavers to create a straight-line edging against the rest of the yard. This is a great technique to use on smaller gardens and flower beds. Continue to 9 of 25 below. Apr 18, 2024 · Here are a few budget-friendly ideas: Power wash your driveway. If you have a power washer, often also called a pressure washer, it could be the most efficient way to get rid of dirt, grime and whatever else is caked on your driveway. Expect to spend between $100 and $500 to pressure wash a driveway, according to Angi. Enhance the look of your driveway with creative garden edging ideas. Transform your outdoor space with these top ideas to add style and charm to your driveway.Concrete Paver Driveway Ideas. Whether it's a manicured front lawn, stone-paved pathway or intricate landscape design, Concrete Paver landscapes benefit from the same attention to detail that the interior of your home does. Well-executed landscaping ideas can upgrade your home's entire aesthetic, and the right plants, flowers and shrubbery can ...Jan 30, 2022 · Taking 1/4" bender board, cut the board into strips to be used to frame out the desired concrete area. Dig a trench wide enough to allow for your finished concrete edging as well as the wooden framing. Using stakes, secure the boards along both sides of the trench and cover the base inside with gravel. To find cheap landscaping borders, walk in the woods or along country roads, and you’ll find all sorts of rocks, pieces of concrete, interesting logs, etc. I collected about 50 feet of border this way. I also added some large shells that I already had. Makes for an interesting edging when you relate the stories about where you collected your ... An Alternative to Gravel Edging. 3. Permeable Pavers. When it comes to gravel driveway edging ideas, one that most people don’t think of is permeable pavement. TRUEGRID PRO LITE and TRUEGRID PRO PLUS pavers, for instance, are the perfect material for keeping your gravel firmly locked in place. Black Granite Setts (200 x 100 x 100 mm) - Natural Stone Paving Blocks for Driveways, Garden Paving & Edging. Compare. Per m² from £213.99 inc VAT. Per pack from £7.99 inc VAT. Cobblesett Oceana - Blue Grey Concrete Driveway Block Paving (150 x 150 x 60 mm) - 7.13m² Pack (317 Paving Blocks) by Pavestone. Compare.Add 8” of base material, compacting in 3” lifts (well graded crusher run) Install edging (steel or anodized aluminum) Spread a 3” layer of pea gravel. When using this installation procedure, Heath says you can expect to pay anywhere from $15 to $35 per square foot. “A quality pea gravel driveway will cost less than pavers, but more than ...4-ft x 4-in SmartLoc Scallop Red Rubber Landscape Edging Section Stakes Included. EasyFlex. 10-Pack 8-in Black Plastic Edging Stake. EasyFlex. 20-ft x 1.5-in No-Dig Black Plastic Landscape Edging Roll Stakes Included. Color: Brown. Sponsored. Rubberific. 4-ft x 4-in SmartLoc Scallop Brown Rubber Landscape Edging Section Stakes Included.Top 80 Cheap DIY Edging Ideas - Garden Ideas#cheap #edging #ideas #gardenMUSIC:Joy To The World by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributi...May 14, 2019 · Rock, but no Roll. Another way to keep cars from rolling into your gardens is to use rocks in your driveway landscape. Rocks can be practical and ornamental at the same time, especially when paired with attractive plants such as these evergreens. Using a mulch of the same material unifies the look of the bed. 11 / 13. Edge Stone Driveways Are Easy to Maintain. Using very small-edged stones is the simplest and cheapest solution to a finished driveway. Edged stones are an easy solution for a driveway with a slope. Edging for stones can come in the form of bricks, pavers, or poured concrete. 5. Poured Concrete for a Variety of Looks.MyJobQuote estimate that for a driveway measuring 2.5m x 2.5m, you can expect to pay between £530 to £730, although they say that the average cost of a concrete driveway is £3,500. Imprinted concrete looks better and can mimic paving and block paving, but is more costly. 4. Choose concrete block paving over clay.Concrete driveways are a popular choice for many homeowners due to their durability and low maintenance. However, one common issue that homeowners face is the unsightly oil spots t...Some of the most affordable and aesthetically appealing gravel driveway ideas include the crushed gravel driveway, pea gravel driveway, recycled asphalt gravel …Driveway gates are not only functional but also add an elegant touch to any property. Whether you are looking for added security, privacy, or simply want to enhance the curb appeal...Stone Edge Times Three. @locolandscapedesign / Instagram. This small grove of trees has an attractive and functional edge design that includes inlaid bricks, gravel, and rough cut larger stones built into a low wall. The three sizes and shapes of stone create a pleasing interplay of textures and color.DIY Brick edging. Gabion wall you can make yourself. Car tyres for mulch edging. Stones for mulch edging. Concrete edging. DIY wooden panels. Wooden pillars. BONUS: White edging with dark mulch. How to choose what edging you should use for your mulch.
Heavy Duty Edging for Gravel Driveways. Building a gravel driveway can be an affordable and great-looking way to create a place for parking vehicles. To install, it will require special maintenance, like stabilizing the gravel, and a heavy-duty edging to keep the gravel in place. With several types of edging that work well with gravel driveways .... Texas dps hempstead
Cheap Driveway Edging Ideas. October 22, 2023 . Introduction. When it comes to improving the overall look of your driveway, adding edging can make a significant difference. Not only does it enhance the aesthetics, but it also helps to define the space and prevent the gravel or asphalt from spreading. However, finding affordable driveway …Clay Bricks and Concrete Pavers for Garden Edging. Plastic Garden Edging. Steel and Aluminium Garden Edging. Garden Fencing. Rocks and Boulders Lawn Edging. Wood Lawn Edging. Poured Concrete Edging. Trench Edge. 30 Garden Edging Ideas for Your Garden.Cheap Driveway Edging Ideas. October 22, 2023 . Introduction. When it comes to improving the overall look of your driveway, adding edging can make a significant difference. Not only does it enhance the aesthetics, but it also helps to define the space and prevent the gravel or asphalt from spreading. However, finding affordable driveway …First, the grading of the driveway exists to take pressure away from the asphalt. Without grading, your driveway edges would start to crack from the weight of vehicles driving over them. The second reason is aesthetics. If you add landscaping stone to the edges of your driveway, you’re able to clean up the grading while still preventing ...Who would have thought that a gravel driveway comes with maintenance? Here are some of the best driveway edging ideas and tips to will help keep your gravel ...Wood. Another popular edging choice for a gravel driveway is wood. It creates an interesting contrast and can help offset a green lawn on either side of the driveway nicely. If you have scrap wood, you can use it to outline your gravel driveway. Wood edging usually sits at a height that is slightly raised. This is a simple yet attractive idea ...9. Flagstone Edging. If you have a tarmac driveway, flagstones are one of the best driveway edging ideas. You can also mix it with pebbles and it creates a defining gradient for your driveway. However, if you have a long driveway, you’d do well to avoid this style as it can be pretty expensive.If you want to promote aesthetics with a low budget, you can use bricks as a choice. By arranging bricks in such a way, you will get a beautiful and strong driveway. 8. Tar, Chip, and Pavers Driveaway. …An Alternative to Gravel Edging. 3. Permeable Pavers. When it comes to gravel driveway edging ideas, one that most people don’t think of is permeable pavement. TRUEGRID PRO LITE and TRUEGRID PRO PLUS pavers, for instance, are the perfect material for keeping your gravel firmly locked in place.May 23, 2022 · 3. Illuminate a Sloping Gravel Driveway. Install driveway lighting ideas for sloped or curved approaches, where entering/exiting in the night might be problematic. This homes shallow slope is lit via a wired light on the exterior, so drivers can see the stone wall and visibility splay clearly. 4. It should also be noted that, due to the nature of cedar lumber, this is a great option for any straight runs of edging. “Cedar is a popular choice due to its resistance to decay and insects, ensuring a long-lasting and low-maintenance garden solution,” Duford says. Continue to 10 of 24 below. 10 of 24.1. Classic Cobblestone Block Edging. 2. Charming Clay Paver Designs. 3. Elegance in White Stone Bricks. 4. Timeless Travertine Tile. 5. Contemporary Raised Concrete. 6. Natural Beauty of Mulch. 7. Best Driveway Edging Ideas for Raised Plant Beds. 8. Red Driveway Accented by White Edging. 9. Subtle Elegance. 10. Serene White Pebble Options.Apr 25, 2024 - Explore Cheryl Hampton's board "Edging ", followed by 1,425 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about garden edging, landscape edging, backyard landscaping.In general, there are two types of driveway edging: Raised Edging an d Flat Edging. Raised edging is always higher and extends beyond the height of your driveway. This type of border is perfect for adding an aesthetic factor to your driveway and lawn. It works perfectly with gravel driveway ideas. On the other hand, a flat edging is always ...23 June 2023 ... 23 Cheap & Amazing Garden Edging Ideas You Can Try | garden ideas inexpensive garden edging ideas, garden edging blocks, b&q garden edging, ...Yola Watrucka/Alamy Stock Photo. 1. Lay budget-friendly gravel. Laying gravel for your driveway is one of the most affordable, easy, and practical approaches. Plus, it looks great, complementing ...Nov 9, 2022 · 1. Gabion Wall Garden Edging. If you want to give your garden a dramatic effect, use a gabion wall for edging. This is a perfect example of masonry edging, using bricks in different shapes and colors to create an edge to divide the plants from the garden path. 2. .